Dayak dan Politik di Borneo
Diselenggarakan representasi politik Dayak di Negara Indonesia pertama Muncul selama pemerintahan Belanda, dalam bentuk Partai Persatuan Dayak (Parti Persatuan Dayak) dalam 30-an dan 40-an. Kesultanan feodal Kutai, Banjar dan Pontianak menonjol sebelum munculnya pemerintahan kolonial Belanda.
Dayak di Sarawak dalam hal ini, bandingkan saudaranya di Indonesia atau Kalimantan sangat buruk, sebagian karena wilayah kekuasaan tat pribadi adalah kekuasaan Brooke Rajah, dan mungkin dengan pola migrasi sejarah mereka dari bagian Indonesia untuk kemudian era Rajang Basin. Keadaan politik, orang Dayak di pihak Indonesia aktif Diselenggarakan di bawah berbagai asosiasi dimulai dengan Sarekat Dayak didirikan pada tahun 1919, dengan Parti Dayak di 40-an, dan sampai sekarang, di mana orang Dayak menempati posisi kunci di pemerintahan.
Di Sarawak, Dayak yang aktif politik berakar pada Partai Sarawak Nasional (SNAP) dan Pesaka selama konstruksi kemerdekaan pasca tahun 1960-an. Partai-partai ini dibentuk untuk politik Luas Dayak tertentu dalam klien Negara terjadi tidak pernah menikmati hak istimewa nyata dan manfaat dari tenaga Kepala Menteri relatif terhadap pemilih yang besar karena perpecahan politik Sendiri dengan beberapa orang Dayak bergabung berbagai partai politik bukannya mengkonsolidasikan dalam satu pun politik partai.
Pertama Ketua Menteri Sarawak Datuk Stephen Kalong Ningkan itu yang telah dihapus sebagai menteri pada tahun 1966 setelah pengadilan dan amandemen kedua konstitusi negara Sarawak dan konstitusi federal Malaysia karena beberapa perbedaan pendapat dengan Malaya berkaitan dengan perjanjian 18-point sebagai kondisi untuk pembentukan Malaysia. Datuk Penghulu Tawi Sli diangkat sebagai kedua menteri Sarawak yang merupakan bersuara lembut sesama kursi-hangat dan kemudian DIGANTI DENGAN Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ya'kub (Muslim Melanau) sebagai menteri ketiga di Sarawak 1970 yang pada gilirannya digantikan oleh Abdul Taib Mahmud a (Melanau Muslim) pada tahun 1981 sebagai menteri Sarawak keempat. Setelah Taib Mahmud mengundurkan diri 28 Februari 2014 Menjadi gubernur Sarawak, ia menunjuk adik iparnya, Adenan Satem sebagai Ketua Menteri Sarawak berikutnya.
Gelombang Dayakism telah muncul setidaknya dua kali antara orang-orang Dayak di Sarawak berada di sisi oposisi politik sebagai berikut:
SNAP memenangkan 18 kursi (42,70% dengan suara populer) dari total 48 kursi dalam pemilu negara bagian Sarawak, 1974 sedangkan sisanya 30 kursi yang dimenangkan oleh Sarawak Front Nasional.
PBDS (Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak), memisahkan diri atau SNAP dalam pemilihan negara Sarawak pada tahun 1987, memenangkan 15 kursi sementara mitranya Permas hanya menang 5 kursi. Secara keseluruhan, Front Nasional Sarawak memenangkan 28 konstituen dengan PBB 14; SUPP dan SNAP 11.
Dalam kedua kasus, SNAP dan PBDS (sekarang kedua belah pihak tidak berfungsi) bergabung dengan Front Nasional Malaysia sebagai koalisi yang berkuasa memiliki.
Di bawah Indonesia, Kalimantan sekarang dibagi menjadi lima provinsi yaitu Barat, Timur, Selatan, Tengah dan Utara.
Di bawah program transmigrasi di Indonesia, pemukim dari padat penduduk Jawa dan Madura yang Didorong untuk menetap di provinsi Indonesia Kalimantan. Proyek-proyek transmigrasi besar-besaran yang diprakarsai oleh Belanda dan terus Setelah kemerdekaan Indonesia, strain sosial Disebabkan.
Selama 1965-1966 pembunuhan menewaskan 5.000 korban Cina dan terpaksa melarikan diri ke pantai dan kamp-kamp. Kelaparan membunuh pasir engkau dari anak-anak Cina yang berada di bawah delapan tahun. Cina menolak untuk melawan, meskipun sebelumnya China telah berperang melawan pendudukan kolonial Belanda di Indonesia, karena mereka dianggap "tamu di tanah orang lain" dengan maksud perdagangan saja. 75.000 orang Tionghoa yang selamat mengungsi, melarikan diri ke kamp-kamp di mana mereka ditahan di kota-kota pesisir. Para pemimpin Dayak tertarik dalam membersihkan seluruh area atau etnis Cina. Di Pontianak, 25.000 orang Cina yang tinggal di kotor, kondisi kotor terdampar. Mereka harus mengambil mandi lumpur. Pembantaian yang Dianggap sebagai "bab gelap dalam sejarah Dayak baru-baru ini".
( Dalam kasus ini, Dayak menjadi korban politik Jakarta dalam hal cuci tangan, dan kesalahan ada pada dayak ).
Pada tahun 2001 pemerintah Indonesia mengakhiri transmigrasi penyelesaian Jawa Kalimantan Indonesia Yang Mulai di bawah pemerintahan Belanda pada tahun 1905.
Dari 1996-2003 ada serangan kekerasan terhadap pemukim Madura Indonesia, trans-termasuk Eksekusi atau masyarakat migran Madura. Kekerasan juga mencakup konflik Sampit tahun 2001 di Semua yang lebih dari 500 tewas dalam tahun itu. Pesanan dipulihkan oleh militer Indonesia.
Dayak and Politics in Borneo
Organised Dayak political representation in the Indonesian State first appeared during the Dutch administration, in the form of the Dayak Unity Party (Parti Persatuan Dayak) in the 30s and 40s. The feudal Sultanates of Kutai, Banjar and Pontianak figured prominently prior to the rise of the Dutch colonial rule.
Dayaks in Sarawak in this respect, compare very poorly with their
organised brethren in the Indonesian side of Borneo, partly due to the
personal fiefdom that was the Brooke Rajah dominion, and possibly to the
pattern of their historical migrations from the Indonesian part to the
then pristine Rajang Basin.
Political circumstances aside, the Dayaks in the Indonesian side actively organised under various associations beginning with the Sarekat Dayak established in 1919, to the Parti Dayak in the 40s, and to the present day, where Dayaks occupy key positions in government.
Political circumstances aside, the Dayaks in the Indonesian side actively organised under various associations beginning with the Sarekat Dayak established in 1919, to the Parti Dayak in the 40s, and to the present day, where Dayaks occupy key positions in government.
In Sarawak, Dayak political activism had its roots in the Sarawak National Party
(SNAP) and Pesaka during post independence construction in the 1960s.
These parties shaped to a certain extent Dayak politics in the State,
although never enjoying the real privileges and benefits of Chief
Ministerial power relative to its large electorate due to their own
political disunity with some Dayaks joining various political parties
instead of consolidating inside one single political party.
The first Sarawak chief minister was Datuk Stephen Kalong Ningkan
who was removed as the chief minister in 1966 after court proceedings
and amendments to both Sarawak state constitution and Malaysian federal
constitution due to some disagreements with Malaya with regards to the
18-point Agreement as conditions for Malaysia Formation.
Datuk Penghulu Tawi Sli was appointed as the second Sarawak chief minister who was a soft-spoken seat-warmer fellow and then replaced by Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ya'kub (a Melanau Muslim) as the third Sarawak chief minister in 1970 who in turn was succeeded by Abdul Taib Mahmud a (Melanau Muslim) in 1981 as fourth Sarawak chief minister.
After Taib Mahmud resigned in 28 February 2014 to become the next Sarawak's governor, he appointed his brother-in-law, Adenan Satem as the next Sarawak Chief Minister.
Datuk Penghulu Tawi Sli was appointed as the second Sarawak chief minister who was a soft-spoken seat-warmer fellow and then replaced by Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ya'kub (a Melanau Muslim) as the third Sarawak chief minister in 1970 who in turn was succeeded by Abdul Taib Mahmud a (Melanau Muslim) in 1981 as fourth Sarawak chief minister.
After Taib Mahmud resigned in 28 February 2014 to become the next Sarawak's governor, he appointed his brother-in-law, Adenan Satem as the next Sarawak Chief Minister.
Wave of Dayakism has surfaced at least twice among the Dayaks in
Sarawak while they are on the opposition side of politics as follows:
- SNAP won 18 seats (with 42.70% popular vote) out of total 48 seats in Sarawak state election, 1974 while the remaining 30 seats won by Sarawak National Front.[61]
- PBDS (Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak), a breakaway of SNAP in Sarawak state election in 1987 won 15 seats while its partner Permas only won 5 seats. Overall, the Sarawak National Front won 28 constituencies with PBB 14; SUPP 11 and SNAP 3.[62]
In both cases, SNAP and PBDS (now both party are defunct) had joined the Malaysian National Front as the ruling coalition.
Under Indonesia, Kalimantan is now divided into five self-autonomous provinces i.e. West, East, South, Middle and North Kalimantan.
Under Indonesia's transmigration programme, settlers from densely populated Java and Madura
were encouraged to settle in the Indonesian provinces of Borneo. The
large-scale transmigration projects initiated by the Dutch and continued
following Indonesian independence, caused social strains.
During the killings of 1965–66
Dayaks killed up to 5,000 Chinese and forced survivors to flee to the
coast and camps. Starvation killed thousands of Chinese children who
were under eight years old.
The Chinese refused to fight back, even though previously the Chinese had fought against the Dutch colonialist occupation of Indonesia, since they considered themselves "a guest on other people's land" with the intention of trading only.75,000 of the Chinese who survived were displaced, fleeing to camps where they were detained on coastal cities.
The Dayak leaders were interested in cleansing the entire area of ethnic Chinese. In Pontianak, 25,000 Chinese living in dirty, filthy conditions were stranded. They had to take baths in mud. The massacres are considered a "dark chapter in recent Dayak history".
(In this case, the Dayak was political victims of Jakarta in terms of hand washing, and the fault is in Dayak).
The Chinese refused to fight back, even though previously the Chinese had fought against the Dutch colonialist occupation of Indonesia, since they considered themselves "a guest on other people's land" with the intention of trading only.75,000 of the Chinese who survived were displaced, fleeing to camps where they were detained on coastal cities.
The Dayak leaders were interested in cleansing the entire area of ethnic Chinese. In Pontianak, 25,000 Chinese living in dirty, filthy conditions were stranded. They had to take baths in mud. The massacres are considered a "dark chapter in recent Dayak history".
(In this case, the Dayak was political victims of Jakarta in terms of hand washing, and the fault is in Dayak).
In 2001 the Indonesian government ended the transmigration of Javanese settlement of Indonesian Borneo that began under Dutch rule in 1905.
From 1996 to 2003 there were violent attacks on Indonesian Madurese settlers, including executions of Madurese transmigrant communities. The violence included the Sampit conflict in 2001 in which more than 500 were killed in that year. Order was restored by the Indonesian Military.
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