Thursday, March 7, 2013

HISTORY OF THE SULTANATE BRUNEI




HISTORY OF THE SULTANATE  BRUNEI




















Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin- Sultan Brunei ke-19,
(
1795-1804 dan 1804-1807).

Notes from Chinese and Arabic shows that Brunei Sultanate has existed since at least the seventh century AD or VIII.
Early Sultanate was later conquered by Srivijaya in the early ninth century and later mastered northern Borneo and the Philippines. After that they were colonized by Majapahit, but managed to liberate themselves and become an advanced nation.


The Sultanate of Brunei reached its heyday from the XV to the XVII century, when the turf reaches across the island of Borneo and the islands of the Philippines. Brunei especially the most powerful in the reign of the fifth sultan, Bolkiah (1473-1521), famous for his travels in the ocean and conquered Manila, and in the reign of the ninth sultan, Hassan (1605-1619), who developed a system of royal courts, which its elements are still there to this day.

After Sultan Hassan, Brunei glory faded as a power struggle and growing influence of the European colonial powers in the region which, among other things, disrupted traditional trading routes, destroying the economic base of Brunei and many other Southeast Asian sultanates.

In 1839, British adventurer James Brooke to Borneo and helped the Sultan of Brunei quell a rebellion. In return, he became governor and later "White Rajah" of Sarawak in northwest Borneo and then develop the territory under his rule. Brooke never took power in Brunei, although he tried to do just that. He asked the British government if he could acknowledge Brunei as his own, but was rejected. Although Brunei governed poorly, he has feelings and national identity, and therefore can not be captured by Brooke.

Meanwhile, the British North Borneo Company to expand its power in the northeastern Borneo. In 1888, Brunei became a British government patronage, and even retain autonomy but under British rule in foreign relations. In 1906, more tightly controlled Brunei Britain when executive powers were transferred to a resident who set everything except the local customs and religion.

In 1959, a new constitution was written and proclaimed Brunei as the country's governing themselves, although foreign affairs, security and defense still held by the United Kingdom, is now represented by a High Commissioner. An attempt in 1962 to introduce a legislative body whose members are elected, and most have limited power canceled after political parties Brunei opposition People's Party launched an armed rebellion, which defeated the government with the help of British troops.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the government also refused to join the Sabah and Sarawak in the newly formed Malaysia. Sultan of Brunei then decided that Brunei would be a separate state.

In 1967, Omar Ali Saifuddin abdicated to his son the second, Hassanal Bolkiah, who became ruler of the 29th. The former defense minister Sultan remained and took the title Seri Begawan. In 1970, the capital of Brunei Town was renamed Bandar Seri Begawan honor. Seri Begawan died in 1986.


On January 4, 1979, Brunei and the United Kingdom signed a new treaty of friendship and cooperation. On January 1, 1984, Brunei Darussalam became an independent state.






Catatan-catatan dari Tiongkok dan Arab menunjukkan bahwa kesultanan Brunei telah ada sejak setidaknya abad VII atau VIII Masehi. Kesultanan awal ini kemudian ditaklukkan oleh Sriwijaya pada awal abad IX dan kemudian menguasai Kalimantan utara dan Filipina. Setelah itu mereka dijajah oleh Majapahit, namun berhasil memerdekakan diri dan menjadi negara yang maju.

Kesultanan Brunei mencapai masa kejayaan dari abad XV sampai XVII, ketika daerah kekuasaannya mencapai seluruh pulau Kalimantan dan kepulauan Filipina. Brunei terutama paling kuat dalam masa pemerintahan sultan kelima, Bolkiah (1473-1521), yang terkenal karena perjalanan-perjalanannya di samudera dan menaklukkan Manila; dan pada masa pemerintahan sultan kesembilan, Hassan (1605-1619), yang mengembangkan sistem pengadilan kerajaan, yang unsur-unsurnya masih terdapat sampai hari ini.

Setelah Sultan Hassan, kejayaan Brunei memudar karena perebutan kekuasaan dan juga bertumbuhnya pengaruh kekuasaan kolonial Eropa di daerah itu yang, antara lain, mengacaukan jalur-jalur perdagangan tradisional, menghancurkan dasar ekonomi Brunei dan banyak kesultanan Asia Tenggara lainnya.

Pada 1839, petualang Inggris James Brooke sampai ke Kalimantan dan menolong Sultan Brunei menumpas sebuah pemberontakan. Sebagai imbalannya, ia menjadi gubernur dan kemudian "Rajah Putih" dari Sarawak di Kalimantan barat laut dan kemudian mengembangkan daerah kekuasaan di bawah pemerintahannya. Brooke tidak pernah mengambil alih kekuasaan di Brunei, walaupun ia mencoba untuk melakukan hal itu. Ia bertanya kepada pemerintah Britania apakah ia boleh mengakui Brunei sebagai miliknya, namun ditolak. Walaupun Brunei diperintah dengan kurang baik, ia memiliki perasaan dan identitas nasional, dan karena itu tidak dapat direbut oleh Brooke.

Sementara itu, British North Borneo Company memperluas kekuasaannya di daerah Kalimantan timur laut. Pada 1888, Brunei menjadi negara lindungan pemerintah Britania Raya, dan walaupun tetap memegang otonomi namun di bawah kekuasaan Britania dalam hubungan luar negeri. Pada 1906, Brunei lebih erat lagi dikuasai Britania ketika kekuasaan eksekutif dialihkan kepada seorang Residen yang mengatur semua hal kecuali adat dan agama lokal.

Pada 1959, sebuah undang-undang dasar baru ditulis dan mencanangkan Brunei sebagai negara yang memerintah diri sendiri, walaupun hubungan luar negeri, keamanan dan pertahanan tetap dipegang oleh Britania Raya, sekarang diwakili oleh seorang Komisioner Tinggi. Sebuah usaha pada 1962 untuk memperkenalkan sebuah badan legislatif yang sebagian anggotanya dipilih dan memiliki kekuasaan terbatas dibatalkan setelah partai politik oposisi Partai Rakyat Brunei meluncurkan pemberontakan bersenjata, yang ditaklukkan pemerintah dengan bantuan tentara Britania.

Pada akhir 1950-an dan awal 1960-an, pemerintah juga menolak untuk bergabung dengan Sabah dan Sarawak di negara Malaysia yang baru terbentuk. Sultan Brunei kemudian memutuskan bahwa Brunei akan menjadi negara yang terpisah.

Pada 1967, Omar Ali Saifuddin turun tahta untuk anak laki-lakinya yang kedua, Hassanal Bolkiah, yang menjadi penguasa ke-29. Sang mantan sultan tetap menjadi menteri pertahanan dan mengambil gelar Seri Begawan. Pada 1970, ibu kota Brunei Town diganti namanya menjadi Bandar Seri Begawan untuk menghormatinya. Seri Begawan wafat pada 1986.


Pada 4 Januari 1979, Brunei dan Britania Raya menandatangani sebuah perjanjian persahabatan dan kerjasama baru. Pada 1 Januari 1984, Brunei Darussalam menjadi negara merdeka.



Sultan Brunei

External Online Map : Mongol Empires c.1300 (Droysen 1886), posted by maproom.org


THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI C. 1500





THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1590-1749


THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1749-1841




THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI 1841-1852

Textfiles : Brunei 1839-1888

External Online Map : East Indian Islands (Milner 1850), posted by maproom.org


THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI 1853-1860

Textfiles : Brunei 1839-1888


THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI 1861-1881

Textfiles : Brunei 1839-1888




THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1882-1904

Textfiles : Brunei 1839-1888
Textfiles : Brunei 1888-1918

External Online Map : East Indian Islands (Stieler 1891), posted by maproom.org



THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1905-1941

Textfiles : Brunei 1888-1918
Textfiles : Brunei 1918-1945


THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1942-1945

Textfiles : Brunei 1918-1945




THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, 1946-1962

Textfiles : Brunei 1945-1984



THE SULTANATE OF BRUNEI, SINCE 1963

Textfiles : Brunei 1945-1984

External Online Map : Brunei 1984, from PCL, UTexas
http://kids.mapzones.com/world/brunei/



SOURCE:
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/haxbrunei.html

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